背景：
关于Fabric的介绍，可以看官网说明。简单来说主要功能就是一个基于Python的服务器批量管理库/工具，Fabric 使用 ssh（通过 paramiko 库）在多个服务器上批量执行任务、上传、下载。在使用Fabric之前，都用Python的paramiko模块来实现需求，相比之后发现Fabric比paramiko模块强大很多。具体的使用方法和说明可以看官方文档介绍。下面写类一个用paramiko（apt-get install python-paramiko）封装的远程操作类的模板：
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
import paramiko
import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf8')
class Remote_Ops():
def __init__(self,hostname,ssh_port,username='',password=''):
self.hostname = hostname
self.ssh_port = ssh_port
self.username = username
self.password = password
#密码登入的操作方法
def ssh_connect_exec(self,cmd):
try:
ssh_key = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh_key.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh_key.connect(hostname=self.hostname, port=self.ssh_port, username=self.username, password=self.password, timeout=10)
# paramiko.util.log_to_file('syslogin.log')
except Exception, e:
print('Connect Error：ssh %s@%s: %s' % (self.username, self.hostname, e))
exit()
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh_key.exec_command(cmd,get_pty=True)
#切换root
stdin.write(self.password+'\n')
stdin.flush()
err_list = stderr.readlines()
if len( err_list ) > 0:
print 'ERROR:' + err_list[0]
exit()
# print stdout.read()
for item in stdout.readlines()[2:]:
print item.strip()
ssh_key.close()
#ssh登陆的操作方法
def ssh_connect_keyfile_exec(self,file_name,cmd):
try:
ssh_key = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh_key.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh_key.connect(hostname=self.hostname, port=self.ssh_port, key_filename=file_name, timeout=10)
# paramiko.util.log_to_file('syslogin.log')
except Exception, e:
print e
exit()
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh_key.exec_command(cmd)
err_list = stderr.readlines()
if len( err_list ) > 0:
print 'ERROR:' + err_list[0]
exit()
for item in stdout.readlines():
print item.strip()
ssh_key.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
#密码登陆的操作方法：
test = Remote_Ops('10.211.55.11', 22, 'zjy', 'zhoujinyi')
test.ssh_connect_exec('sudo ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/')
#ssh key登陆的操作方法：（需要到root下运行）
file_name = '/var/root/.ssh/id_rsa'
test1 = Remote_Ops('10.211.55.11', 22)
test1.ssh_connect_keyfile_exec(file_name,'apt-get update')
关于更多的paramiko信息可以看官方文档和python运维之paramiko、python远程连接paramiko 模块。本文将要介绍的是Fabric的使用方法。
说明：
1.安装
$ pip install fabric
OR
$ sudo apt-get install fabric
2.参数（fab -h）
~$ fab -h
Usage: fab [options] <command>[:arg1,arg2=val2,host=foo,hosts='h1;h2',...] ... #命令行的使用方法
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-d NAME, --display=NAME
print detailed info about command NAME
-F FORMAT, --list-format=FORMAT
formats --list, choices: short, normal, nested
-I, --initial-password-prompt
Force password prompt up-front
--initial-sudo-password-prompt
Force sudo password prompt up-front
-l, --list print list of possible commands and exit #显示出可以执行的命令函数名
--set=KEY=VALUE,... comma separated KEY=VALUE pairs to set Fab env vars
--shortlist alias for -F short --list
-V, --version show program's version number and exit
-a, --no_agent don't use the running SSH agent
-A, --forward-agent forward local agent to remote end
--abort-on-prompts abort instead of prompting (for password, host, etc) #出现提示就中指，如密码、主机提示
-c PATH, --config=PATH
specify location of config file to use
--colorize-errors Color error output #输出颜色错误
-D, --disable-known-hosts
do not load user known_hosts file
-e, --eagerly-disconnect
disconnect from hosts as soon as possible
-f PATH, --fabfile=PATH #指定fab执行的文件，默认是fabfile.py
python module file to import, e.g. '../other.py'
-g HOST, --gateway=HOST #指定堡垒机（中转机）的地址
gateway host to connect through
--gss-auth Use GSS-API authentication
--gss-deleg Delegate GSS-API client credentials or not
--gss-kex Perform GSS-API Key Exchange and user authentication
--hide=LEVELS comma-separated list of output levels to hide #output隐藏的等级设置，多个等级逗号分隔
-H HOSTS, --hosts=HOSTS #指定操作的服务器，多个用逗号分隔
comma-separated list of hosts to operate on
-i PATH path to SSH private key file. May be repeated. #指定私钥文件
-k, --no-keys don't load private key files from ~/.ssh/
--keepalive=N enables a keepalive every N seconds #
--linewise print line-by-line instead of byte-by-byte
-n M, --connection-attempts=M
make M attempts to connect before giving up
--no-pty do not use pseudo-terminal in run/sudo
-p PASSWORD, --password=PASSWORD #指定远程登陆的密码包括sudo
password for use with authentication and/or sudo
-P, --parallel default to parallel execution method #指定是否并行执行的
--port=PORT SSH connection port #指定ssh的默认端口
-r, --reject-unknown-hosts #指定拒绝的主机
reject unknown hosts
--sudo-password=SUDO_PASSWORD #指定sudo密码
password for use with sudo only
--system-known-hosts=SYSTEM_KNOWN_HOSTS
load system known_hosts file before reading user
known_hosts
-R ROLES, --roles=ROLES #指定role，以role来区分不同执行函数
comma-separated list of roles to operate on
-s SHELL, --shell=SHELL #指定的shell的执行环境，
specify a new shell, defaults to '/bin/bash -l -c'
--show=LEVELS comma-separated list of output levels to show #指定显示output的等级，多个用逗号分隔
--skip-bad-hosts skip over hosts that can't be reached #指定跳过不能到达的主机
--skip-unknown-tasks skip over unknown tasks #指定跳过不识别的执行函数
--ssh-config-path=PATH #指定ssh配置文件的路径
Path to SSH config file
-t N, --timeout=N set connection timeout to N seconds #指定连接超时时间
-T N, --command-timeout=N #指定远程命令超时时间
set remote command timeout to N seconds
-u USER, --user=USER username to use when connecting to remote hosts #指定远程登陆用户
-w, --warn-only warn, instead of abort, when commands fail #指定命令错误发出警告而不是中止
-x HOSTS, --exclude-hosts=HOSTS
comma-separated list of hosts to exclude #指定排除的主机
-z INT, --pool-size=INT
number of concurrent processes to use in parallel mode #指定并发线程的数量
使用
①：命令行接口
~$ fab -u zjy -p zhoujinyi -H 10.211.55.9,10.211.55.11 -- 'ls -lh /tmp/'
效果：
[10.211.55.9] Executing task '<remainder>'
[10.211.55.9] run: ls -lh /tmp/
[10.211.55.9] out: 总用量 16K
[10.211.55.9] out: -rw-rw-r-- 1 zjy zjy 853 11月 10 18:42 change_pwd.py
[10.211.55.9] out:
[10.211.55.11] Executing task '<remainder>'
[10.211.55.11] run: ls -lh /tmp/
[10.211.55.11] out: 总用量 12K
[10.211.55.11] out: -rw-rw-r-- 1 zjy zjy 2.4K 11月 10 18:29 remote_ops.py
[10.211.55.11] out:
不推荐使用命令行，最好都写到一个文件脚本里，方便也安全。
②：脚本
注：默认fabric使用一个名为fabfile.py文件里，如：
#!/usr/bin/python
from fabric.api import local, lcd
def lsfab():
with lcd('/tmp/'):
local('ls')
效果：
[localhost] local: ls
com.apple.launchd.ESurbfatee com.apple.launchd.ykbSkcZdfZ mykey.txt parallels_crash_dumps
Done.
如果写到其他文件则需要通过-f来指定执行：
~$ mv fabfile.py ttt.py
~$ fab -f ttt.py lsfab
③：参数
定义的执行函数里带参数：
#!/usr/bin/python
from fabric.api import *
def hello(name,age):
print "hello,%s,%s" %(name,age)
带参数的执行函数执行：
~$ fab hello:zhoujy,123
hello,zhoujy,123
Done.
④：模块说明
1：from fabric.api import *
local #执行本地命令，如local('uname -s')
lcd #切换本地目录，如lcd('/home')
cd #切换远程目录，如cd('/var/logs')
run #执行远程命令，如run('free -m')
sudo #sudo方式执行远程命令，如sudo('/etc/init.d/httpd start')
put #上次本地文件导远程主机，如put('/home/user.info','/data/user.info')
get #从远程主机下载文件到本地，如：get('/data/user.info','/home/user.info')
prompt #获得用户输入信息，如：prompt('please input user password:')
confirm #获得提示信息确认，如：confirm('Test failed,Continue[Y/N]?')
reboot #重启远程主机，如：reboot()
@task #函数修饰符，标识的函数为fab可调用的，非标记对fab不可见，纯业务逻辑
@runs_once #函数修饰符，标识的函数只会执行一次，不受多台主机影响
@roles() #运行指定的角色组里，通过env.roledefs里的定义
2：from fabric.colors import *
print blue(text)
print cyan(text)
print green(text)
print magenta(text)
print red(text)
print white(text)
print yellow(text)
3：
...
用到再补充
...
基础实例说明
实例1： 本地操作
from fabric.api import *
def lsfab():
with lcd('/tmp/'): #本地切换目录
local('ls') #本地执行命令
def host_name():
local('uname -s') #本地执行命令
用-l查看可以执行的命令函数：
~$ fab -f fab_ops.py -l
Available commands:
host_name
lsfab
可以执行上面2个执行函数，执行：
~$ fab -f fab_ops.py host_name
[localhost] local: uname -s
Darwin
Done.
上面2个函数合并，并且对外只显示一个执行入口函数（@task）：
from fabric.api import *
def lsfab():
with lcd('/tmp/'):
local('ls')
def host_name():
local('uname -s')
@task
def go():
lsfab()
host_name()
执行：
~$ fab -f fab_ops.py go
[localhost] local: ls
com.apple.launchd.ESurbfatee com.apple.launchd.ykbSkcZdfZ parallels_crash_dumps
[localhost] local: uname -s
Darwin
Done.
实例2：远程操作，env变量
from fabric.api import *
#配置远程服务器
env.hosts = [
'10.211.55.9',
'10.211.55.11'
]
#端口
env.port = '22'
#用户
env.user = 'zjy'
#密码，远程服务器密码都一样
env.password = 'zhoujinyi'
def lsfab():
with cd('/tmp/'): #远程切换目录
run('ls') #远程命令运行
def host_name():
run('uname -s')
@task
def go():
lsfab()
host_name()
执行看到的信息：执行的函数，命令和命令的输出结果。
~$ fab -f fab_ops.py go
[10.211.55.9] Executing task 'go'
[10.211.55.9] run: ls
[10.211.55.9] out: 1 2 3
[10.211.55.9] out:
[10.211.55.9] run: uname -s
[10.211.55.9] out: Linux
[10.211.55.9] out:
[10.211.55.11] Executing task 'go'
[10.211.55.11] run: ls
[10.211.55.11] out: a b c mongodb-27017.sock
[10.211.55.11] out:
[10.211.55.11] run: uname -s
[10.211.55.11] out: Linux
[10.211.55.11] out:
Done.
Disconnecting from 10.211.55.11... done.
Disconnecting from 10.211.55.9... done.
远程机器的密码不一致，怎么配置？这时可以用env.passwords来替换env.password：注意格式：user@ip:pwd
env.passwords = {
'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' : 'zjy',
'zjy@10.211.55.11:22': 'zhoujinyi',
}
实例3：如何让不同服务器组执行不同的操作？如DB和WEB服务器各自执行自己的操作。这里需要用env.roledefs来定义角色组，根据不同的roles来使用execute进行不同的操作。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
#定义角色，操作一致的服务器可以放在一组。因为服务器的用户端口不一样，需要在role里指定用户、IP和端口
env.roledefs = {
'dbserver':['zjy@10.211.55.9:22','zjy@10.211.55.11:22'],
'webserver':['zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221'],
}
#密码，远程服务器密码不一致时使用，格式user@host:port:pwd
env.passwords = {
'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' : 'zjy',
'zjy@10.211.55.11:22': 'zhoujinyi',
'zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221':'123456',
}
@task #入口
@roles('dbserver') #角色修饰符
def get_memory():
run('free -m')
@task
@roles('webserver')
def mkfile_task():
with cd('/home/zhoujy/'):
run('touch xxxx.log')
执行效果：执行get_memory函数，在dbserver中的主机上执行，mkfile_touch函数则在webserver中的主机上执行。
通过env.roledefs和env.passwords指定好了用户名、端口和密码，这时上面2个函数合并，并且对外只显示一个执行函数（@task），还要注意的是因为各自的执行函数处于不同的roles下执行的，要放到一个函数里执行，需要添加：execute()，这样可以在一个执行函数里操作多个远程的机器。
...
...
@task
def go():
execute(get_memory)
execute(mkfile_task)
效果：
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] Executing task 'get_memory'
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] run: free -m
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: total used free shared buffers cached
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: Mem: 990 749 241 0 17 136
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: -/+ buffers/cache: 595 395
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: Swap: 1021 0 1021
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out:
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] Executing task 'get_memory'
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] run: free -m
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: total used free shared buffers cached
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: Mem: 3949 943 3006 0 13 230
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: -/+ buffers/cache: 699 3249
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: Swap: 1021 0 1021
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out:
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] Executing task 'mkfile_task'
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] run: touch fabric.log
Done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.11... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.9... done.
View Code
实例4：多台服务器并行执行，@parallel
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
#要是各个服务器的端口、用户名不一样，就不能配置env.port、env.user了，需要在env.hosts中设置端口：用户@IP:端口
env.hosts = ['zjy@10.211.55.9:22','zjy@10.211.55.11:22','zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221']
#密码，远程服务器密码不一致时使用，格式user@host:port:pwd
env.passwords = {
'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' : 'zjy',
'zjy@10.211.55.11:22': 'zhoujinyi',
'zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221':'123456',
}
@task #入口
@parallel
def get_memory():
run('free -m')
执行效果：执行函数同时在多个主机上运行，加快执行效率
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] Executing task 'get_memory'
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] Executing task 'get_memory'
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] Executing task 'get_memory'
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] run: free -m
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] run: free -m
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] run: free -m
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: total used free shared buffers cached
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: Mem: 990 749 240 0 17 136
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: -/+ buffers/cache: 595 395
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out: Swap: 1021 0 1021
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] out:
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: total used free shared buffers cached
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: Mem: 3949 943 3006 0 13 230
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: -/+ buffers/cache: 699 3249
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out: Swap: 1021 0 1021
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] out:
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] out: total used free shared buffers cached
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] out: Mem: 3993 2747 1245 0 464 1271
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] out: -/+ buffers/cache: 1011 2981
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] out: Swap: 0 0 0
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] out:
Done.
View Code
实例5：输出信息等级设置：with settings(hide(...)):
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.colors import *
env.hosts = ['zjy@10.211.55.9:22','zjy@10.211.55.11:22','zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221']
#密码，远程服务器密码不一致时使用，格式user@host:port:pwd
env.passwords = {
'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' : 'zjy',
'zjy@10.211.55.11:22': 'zhoujinyi',
'zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221':'123456',
}
@runs_once #只执行一次，避免每个主机处理都输入一次
def put_file():
#获取输入信息
return prompt("输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件：",default ="")
@task
def put_task():
local_path = put_file()
remote_path = "/tmp/"
put(local_path,remote_path) #上传
#输出等级设置，隐藏指定的类型
with settings(hide('running', 'stdout', 'stderr','warnings','everything')):
result = put(local_path,remote_path)
print yellow("%s上传成功...") %env.host
隐藏：
~$ fab -f zz.py put_task 1 ↵
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] Executing task 'put_task'
输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件： /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
10.211.55.9上传成功...
10.211.55.11上传成功...
192.168.200.25上传成功...
Done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.11... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.9... done.
View Code
没有隐藏：
~$ fab -f zz.py put_task 126 ↵
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] Executing task 'put_task'
输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件： /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
[zjy@10.211.55.9:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
10.211.55.9上传成功...
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] Executing task 'put_task'
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
10.211.55.11上传成功...
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] Executing task 'put_task'
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/single_fab_ops.py -> /tmp/single_fab_ops.py
192.168.200.25上传成功...
Done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.11... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.9... done.
View Code
实例6：异常处理、捕获：
异常处理：settings(warn_only=True)遇到错误继续执行还是退出settings(warn_only=False)，False是默认方式。
from fabric.api import *
def lsfab():
with lcd('/tmp/'):
local('lsa') #执行不存在的命令，报错退出
print "xxxxxxx"
def lsfab1():
with settings(warn_only=True): #执行不存在的命令，报错，继续执行后面的
with lcd('/tmp/'):
local('lsa')
print "xxxxxx"
效果：
~$ fab -f zz.py lsfab
[localhost] local: lsa
/bin/sh: lsa: command not found
Fatal error: local() encountered an error (return code 127) while executing 'lsa'
Aborting.
~$ fab -f zz.py lsfab1
[localhost] local: lsa
/bin/sh: lsa: command not found
Warning: local() encountered an error (return code 127) while executing 'lsa'
xxxxxx
Done.
View Code
异常捕获：if result.failed:abord()捕获到异常之后直接退出；if result.failed and not confirm("")捕获到异常之后确认退出还是继续
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.colors import *
from fabric.contrib.console import confirm
from fabric.api import *
def lsfab():
with settings(warn_only=True):
with lcd('/Users/jinyizhou/uuii/'):
result = local('lsn',capture=True) #通过local来执行任务，需要通过capture＝True来得到值
if result.failed: #即使warn_only设置成True，捕捉到错误之后，还是退出
abort(red("错误..."))
print 'xxxxx'
def lsfab1():
with settings(warn_only=True):
with lcd('/Users/jinyizhou/uuii/'):
result = local('lsn',capture=True)
if result.failed and not confirm("failed. Continue?"): #即使warn_only设置成True，捕捉到错误之后，还是要确认是否退出或则继续
abort(red("错误..."))
print 'xxxxx'
效果：
~$ fab -f zz.py lsfab
[localhost] local: lsn
Warning: local() encountered an error (return code 127) while executing 'lsn'
Fatal error: 错误...
Aborting.
~$ fab -f zz.py lsfab1
[localhost] local: lsn
Warning: local() encountered an error (return code 127) while executing 'lsn'
failed. Continue? [Y/n] Y
xxxxx
Done.
View Code
实例7：通过中转（路由）机连接远程机执行，env.gateway
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.colors import *
#中转机
env.gateway = 'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' #中转机的地址，注意中转机的端口、密码和其他远程机器不一样，需要设置成user@ip:port的格式。
#操作服务器
env.hosts = ['zjy@10.211.55.11:22','zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221']
env.passwords = {
'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' : 'zjy',
'zjy@10.211.55.11:22': 'zhoujinyi',
'zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221':'123456',
}
#远程连接超时时间
env.timeout = 30
#命令超时时间
env.command_timeout = 30
@runs_once #只执行一次，避免每个主机处理都输入一次
def put_file():
return prompt("输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件：",default ="")
@task
def put_task():
local_path = put_file()
remote_path = "/tmp/"
put(local_path,remote_path)
#输出等级设置，隐藏指定的类型
with settings(hide('running','stdout', 'stderr','everything'),warn_only=True):
result = put(local_path,remote_path)
print yellow("%s上传成功...") %env.host
if result.failed and not confirm("put file failed，Continue[Y/N]?"):
abort("Aborting file put task!")
效果：本地执行脚本通过中转机来向远程机器上传文件，本机和远程机不需要有关联
~$ fab -f zz.py put_task
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] Executing task 'put_task'
输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件： /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/gateway.txt
[zjy@10.211.55.11:22] put: /Users/jinyizhou/fabric_script/gateway.txt -> /tmp/gateway.txt
10.211.55.11上传成功...
192.168.200.25上传成功...
Done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.11... done.
Disconnecting from zjy@10.211.55.9... done. #最后断开中转机
实例8：通过ssh key（密钥）登陆
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.colors import *
#中转机
env.gateway = 'zjy@10.211.55.9:22' #中转机的地址，注意中转机的端口、密码和其他远程机器不一样，需要设置成user@ip:port的格式。
#操作服务器
env.hosts = ['zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221','zhoujy@192.168.200.102:222']
env.passwords = {
'zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221':'123456',
'zhoujy@192.168.200.102:222':'123456',
}
#env.use_ssh_config = True
#密钥登陆中转服务器
env.key_filename = ['~/.ssh/id_rsa']
#远程连接超时时间
env.timeout = 30
#命令超时时间
env.command_timeout = 30
@runs_once #只执行一次，避免每个主机处理都输入一次
def put_file():
return prompt("输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件：",default ="/home/zjy/ttxx.py")
@task
def put_task():
local_path = put_file()
remote_path = "/tmp/"
put(local_path,remote_path)
#输出等级设置，隐藏指定的类型
with settings(hide('running','stdout', 'stderr','everything'),warn_only=True):
result = put(local_path,remote_path)
print yellow("%s上传成功...") %env.host
if result.failed and not confirm("put file failed，Continue[Y/N]?"):
abort("Aborting file put task!")
效果：执行脚本的机器通过密钥登陆GATEWAY机器，再在GATEWAY机器上通过账号密码登陆要操作的机器（不确定这里能否也通过SSH密钥登陆？）。
zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] Executing task 'put_task'
输入上传的文件名（绝对路径）,默认当前目录文件： [/home/zjy/ttxx.py]
[zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221] put: /home/zjy/ttxx.py -> /tmp/ttxx.py
192.168.200.25上传成功...
192.168.200.102上传成功...
Done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.25:221... done.
Disconnecting from zhoujy@192.168.200.102:222... done.
Disconnecting from 10.211.55.9... done. #最后退出GATEWAY
如何建立SSH的密钥连接，在MySQL MHA 搭建&测试里有说明，可以了解一下。
应用说明
应用1：带参数批量修改服务器密码
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from fabric.api import *
import socket
import paramiko
from fabric.colors import *
env.user = 'zjy'
env.password = 'zhoujinyi'
env.hosts = ['10.211.55.11','10.211.55.9']
def isup(host):
print 'connecting host: %s' % host
timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
socket.setdefaulttimeout(1)
up = True
try:
paramiko.Transport((host, 22))
except Exception, e:
up = False
print '%s down, %s' % (host, e)
finally:
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
return up
@task
@parallel
def passwd(user,password):
with settings(hide('running', 'stdout', 'stderr','everything'), warn_only=True):
if isup(env.host):
sudo("echo -e '%s\n%s' | passwd %s" % (password, password, user))
print yellow("%s 更新密码...") %env.host
执行效果：
~$ fab -f change_pwd.py passwd:zjy,zjy 1 ↵
[10.211.55.11] Executing task 'passwd'
[10.211.55.9] Executing task 'passwd'
connecting host: 10.211.55.9
connecting host: 10.211.55.11
10.211.55.9 更新密码...
10.211.55.11 更新密码...
Done.
应用2：远程开、关、升级MySQL，并且自动完成MHA相关的切换开启工作。
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
# Purpose: MHA自动切换
# Author: zhoujy
# Created: 2016-11-07
# Update: 2016-11-07
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.context_managers import *
from fabric.contrib.console import confirm
from fabric.colors import *
import os
import re
import getpass
import socket
import paramiko
#IP（主从）+项目名，
MySQL_IP = {
'192.168.1.7':'ABD',
'192.168.1.8':'ABD',
'192.168.1.10':'DEW',
'192.168.1.5':'DEW',
'192.168.1.7':'YTE',
'192.168.1.8':'YTE',
'192.168.1.5':'POQ',
'192.168.1.6':'POQ',
'192.168.1.91':'QWE',
'192.168.1.72':'QWE',
}
Run_IP = raw_input("输入要操作的IP：")
Run_IP_Port = Run_IP+':45678'
#启用ssh key登陆
env.use_ssh_config = True
env.key_filename = ['/root/.ssh/id_rsa']
#复制账号密码
Rep_Password = "123456"
env.roledefs = {
'mha_manager':['192.168.1.19:45678'],
'db_server':[Run_IP_Port],
}
#mha日志名
mha_log = {
'ABD':'ABD_manager.log',
'DEW':'DEW_manager.log',
'YTE':'YTE_manager.log',
'POQ':'POQ_manager.log',
'QWE':'QWE_manager.log',
}
#mha配置文件名
mha_cfg = {
'ABD':'ABD_mha.cnf',
'DEW':'DEW_mha.cnf',
'YTE':'YTE_mha.cnf',
'POQ':'POQ_mha.cnf',
'QWE':'QWE_mha.cnf',
}
#mysql版本
mysql_version = {
'5.6':'percona-server-server-5.6',
'5.7':'percona-server-server-5.7',
}
program_name = MySQL_IP.get(Run_IP)
logfile_name = mha_log.get(program_name)
cfgfile_name = mha_cfg.get(program_name)
env.timeout = 30
env.command_timeout = 100
pat = re.compile('(.*:)(.*)')
version_pat = re.compile('(.*)(is already the newest version*)')
is_slave = 0
is_alive = 0
is_slave_status = 0
is_newest_version = 0
#更新包
@task
#@roles('db_all_server')
@roles('db_server')
def update_list_task():
try:
with settings(hide('running','stdout', 'stderr','everything'), warn_only=False):
sudo("apt-get update")
print yellow("%s 检查更新完成...") %env.host
except SystemExit:
print red("%s 检查更新错误！请检查错误...") %env.host
exit()
#查看延迟
#@task
#@roles('db_server')
def get_delaytime():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e 'show slave status\\G' | grep 'Seconds_Behind_Master' " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
print red("%s get_delaytime 检查出错，请查找原因！\n" %Run_IP)
return -1
else:
delaytime = int(result.split(':')[1])
return delaytime
#查看是不是从库
#@task
#@roles('db_server')
def get_slave():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e \"show global status like 'Slave_running'\" " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
print red("%s get_slave 检查出错，请查找原因！\n" %Run_IP)
return -1
else:
is_slave = result.split('\t')[2]
if is_slave =='ON':
return 1
elif is_slave =='OFF':
return 0
#查看数据库版本
#@task
#@roles('db_server')
def get_mysql_version():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e \"show global variables like 'version'\" " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
print red("%s get_mysql_version 检查出错，请查找原因！\n" %Run_IP)
return -1
else:
version = result.split('\t')[2][:3]
return version
#检查是否有复制状态
#@task
#@roles('db_server')
def get_mysql_status():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e \"show slave status\\G \" " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
print red("%s get_mysql_status 检查出错，请查找原因！\n" %Run_IP)
return -1
else:
items = result
if items:
return 1
else:
return 0
#检查是否存活
#@task
#@roles('db_server')
def check_mysql_alive():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e \"show status like 'Uptime' \" " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
print red("%s check_mysql_alive 检查出错，请查找原因！\n" %Run_IP)
return -1
else:
is_alive = result.split("\t")[2]
if is_alive:
return 1
else:
return 0
#开启数据库
#@task
@roles('db_server')
def start_mysql():
if Run_IP in MySQL_IP.keys():
print green("正在运行 %s 项目的 start_mysql ...\n") %MySQL_IP[Run_IP]
else:
print red("IP不存在，退出...\n")
exit()
with settings(hide('running','stdout', 'stderr','everything'), warn_only=False):
global is_alive
global is_slave_status
is_alive = check_mysql_alive()
if is_alive > 0:
is_slave_status = get_mysql_status()
print red("%s 数据库已是开启状态，不能再start，退出...\n") %env.host
exit()
else:
result = run("/etc/init.d/mysql start")
print yellow("%s 数据库启动完成...\n") %env.host
is_slave_status = get_mysql_status()
if is_slave_status:
local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e 'start slave' " %Run_IP)
print yellow("%s 数据库复制开启完成...\n") %env.host
else:
print red("%s 需要进行change master操作...\n") %env.host
#关闭数据库
#@task
@roles('db_server')
def stop_mysql():
if Run_IP in MySQL_IP.keys():
print green("正在运行 %s 项目的 stop_mysql ...\n") %MySQL_IP[Run_IP]
else:
print red("IP不存在，退出...\n")
exit()
# try:
with settings(hide('running','stdout', 'stderr','everything'), warn_only=True):
global is_slave
is_slave = get_slave()
if is_slave == 1:
print green("%s 的 %s 从库关闭\n") %(Run_IP,MySQL_IP[Run_IP])
delaytime=get_delaytime()
if delaytime >0:
print yellow("从库延迟主库 %s 秒！\n") %delaytime
is_continue = raw_input("是否关闭[Y/N]？：")
if is_continue.upper() == 'Y':
result = run("/etc/init.d/mysql stop")
print yellow("%s 数据库关闭完成...\n") %env.host
else:
print red("退出...\n")
exit()
else:
result = run("/etc/init.d/mysql stop")
print yellow("%s 数据库关闭完成...\n") %env.host
elif is_slave == 0:
print green("%s 的 %s 主库关闭\n") %(Run_IP,MySQL_IP[Run_IP])
is_continue = raw_input("是否关闭[Y/N]？：")
if is_continue.upper() == 'Y':
result = run("/etc/init.d/mysql stop")
print yellow("%s 数据库关闭完成...\n") %env.host
else:
print red("退出...\n")
exit()
else:
print red("数据库关闭失败！退出...\n")
exit()
# except SystemExit:
# print red("%s 数据库关闭失败！请检查错误...\n") %env.host
#更新数据库
#@task
@roles('db_server')
def update_mysql():
if Run_IP in MySQL_IP.keys():
print blue("正在运行 %s 项目的 update_mysql ...\n") %MySQL_IP[Run_IP]
else:
print red("IP不存在，退出...\n")
exit()
# try:
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=False):
version = get_mysql_version()
global is_slave
global is_newest_version
is_slave = get_slave()
if is_slave == 1:
print green("%s 是 %s 的一个从库\n") %(Run_IP,MySQL_IP[Run_IP])
delaytime=get_delaytime()
if delaytime >0:
print yellow("从库延迟主库 %s 秒！\n") %delaytime
is_continue = raw_input("是否更新[Y/N]？：")
if is_continue.upper() == 'Y':
result = sudo("apt-get -y install %s" %mysql_version[version])
if version_pat.search(result):
is_newest_version = 1
print yellow("%s 不用安装，已经是最新版本...\n") %env.host
else:
print yellow("%s 安装更新完成...\n") %env.host
else:
print red("退出...\n")
exit()
else:
result = sudo("apt-get -y install %s" %mysql_version[version])
if version_pat.search(result):
is_newest_version = 1
print yellow("%s 不用安装，已经是最新版本...\n") %env.host
else:
print yellow("%s 安装更新完成...\n") %env.host
elif is_slave == 0:
print green("%s是 %s 一个主库\n") %(Run_IP,MySQL_IP[Run_IP])
result = sudo("apt-get -y install %s " %mysql_version[version])
if version_pat.search(result):
is_newest_version = 1
print yellow("%s 不用安装，已经是最新版本...\n") %env.host
else:
print yellow("%s 安装更新完成...\n") %env.host
else:
print red("更新错误，退出...\n")
exit()
# except SystemExit:
# print red("%s 安装更新错误！请检查错误...\n") %env.host
# exit()
#清理mha log
#@task
#@roles('mha_manager')
def clean_log():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
with lcd("/usr/local/masterha"):
result = local("echo 'clean log ...' > %s" %logfile_name,capture=True)
if result.failed:
abort(red("MHA Log清理失败！退出..."))
print green("MHA Log 清理完成...\n")
#查看mha log
#@task
#@roles('mha_manager')
def get_mha_log():
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
with lcd("/usr/local/masterha"):
#local 配合capture=True
stdout=local("grep 'CHANGE MASTER' %s" %logfile_name,capture=True)
if stdout.failed:
abort(red("MHA日志里找不到CHANGE，退出..."))
log_info = pat.search(stdout).group(2)
print green("在MHA Log中找到 Change Log：\n") + yellow('%s') %log_info
return log_info
#开启mha
#@task
#@roles('mha_manager')
def start_mha():
with lcd("/usr/local/masterha"):
# 需要安装supervisor
local("supervisorctl start %s " %program_name)
with settings(hide('running','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result=local("ps -ef | grep master* | grep -v color | awk '{print $9,$10,$11}'| grep '%s'" %cfgfile_name,capture=True)
if result.failed:
abort(red("开启MHA失败！退出..."))
print green("MHA Log 开启完成...\n")
#Change master
#@task
@roles('mha_manager')
def change_master():
mha_log_info = get_mha_log()
# print green("在MHA Log中找到 Change Log：\n") + yellow('%s') %query
change_info = mha_log_info.replace('xxx',Rep_Password)
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e \" %s \" " %(Run_IP,change_info),capture=True)
if result.failed:
abort(red("%s Change Master Failed ！请检查错误...") %env.host)
else:
print green("%s Change Master 完成...\n") %env.host
with settings(hide('running','warnings','stdout','stderr'), warn_only=True):
result = local("mysql --login-path=remote_mha --host=%s -e 'start slave' " %Run_IP,capture=True)
if result.failed:
abort(red("%s Start Slave Failed ！请先检查错误...") %env.host)
else:
print green("%s Start Slave 完成...\n") %env.host
clean_log()
is_run_mha = raw_input("是否开启MHA？[Y/N]")
if is_run_mha.upper() == 'Y':
start_mha()
else:
print red("退出...")
exit()
#执行更新
@task
def update_task():
execute(update_mysql)
global is_slave
global is_newest_version
if not is_newest_version:
if not is_slave:
is_continue = raw_input("是否进行change master[Y/N]：")
if is_continue.upper() == 'Y':
execute(change_master)
else:
exit()
else:
print green("%s 从库升级，不需要change，退出...") %Run_IP
exit()
else:
print green("%s 已经是最新版本了，退出...") %Run_IP
exit()
#执行关闭
@task
def stop_task():
execute(stop_mysql)
#执行开启
@task
def start_task():
execute(start_mysql)
global is_slave_status
if not is_slave_status:
is_continue = raw_input("是否进行change master[Y/N]：")
if is_continue.upper() == 'Y':
execute(change_master)
else:
exit()
else:
print green("%s 从库启动，不需要change，退出...") %Run_IP
exit()
View Code
该脚本执行在Ubuntu上，并且用于Percona5.6、5.7的相关操作，以及mha的切换开启工作。需要注意的是，mysql无密码登陆用了mysql_config_editor和远程开启mha后台运行程序时用到的进程监控（deamon运行）Supervisor程序。
总结：
通过上面的实例和应用说明，大致的介绍了Fabric基本常见的用法，一些比较深入的用法可以看官方文档（好东西太多了，需要的时候再上去扒一下），遇到相关问题可以留言，一起讨论学习。
参考文档：
自动化运维工具Fabric
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 万物之中,希望至美 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~