$0 #文件名
$1 #第一个参数
$2 #第二个参数
$* #所有参数的字符串
$@ #所有参数的数组getopts（shell内置）
getopts不支持长参数（例如： 长: --help; 短：-h）
使用示例
function Usage(){
echo "print help message"
}
#会处理-p -h -d三个参数
#p后面的冒号表示，-p后面是需要带参数的，-h和-d后面不带参数
while getopts "p:hd" arg
do
case $arg in
p)
target_platform=$OPTARG
#数据保存在变量{$OPTARG}中
;;
h)
Usage
exit 1
;;
d)
echo "hello d"
;;
?)
Usage
#不在解析列表中的参数
exit 1
;;
esac
donegetopt（外部工具）
示例
#!/bin/bash
# A small example program for using the new getopt(1) program.
# This program will only work with bash(1)
# An similar program using the tcsh(1) script language can be found
# as parse.tcsh
# Example input and output (from the bash prompt):
# ./parse.bash -a par1 'another arg' --c-long 'wow!*\?' -cmore -b " very long "
# Option a
# Option c, no argument
# Option c, argument `more'
# Option b, argument ` very long '
# Remaining arguments:
# --> `par1'
# --> `another arg'
# --> `wow!*\?'
# Note that we use `"$@"' to let each command-line parameter expand to a
# separate word. The quotes around `$@' are essential!
# We need TEMP as the `eval set --' would nuke the return value of getopt.
#-o表示短选项，--long表示长选项
#一个冒号表示该选项有一个必选参数，空格和紧贴选项都行
#两个冒号表示该选项有一个可选参数，可选参数必须紧贴选项，如下例中-carg 而不能是-c arg
# -n:出错时打印的信息
# -- ：举一个例子比较好理解：
#我们要创建一个名字为 "-f"的目录你会怎么办？
# mkdir -f #不成功，因为-f会被mkdir当作选项来解析，这时就可以使用
# mkdir -- -f 这样-f就不会被作为选项。
TEMP=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
-n 'example.bash' -- "$@"`
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Terminating..." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
# Note the quotes around `$TEMP': they are essential!
#set 会重新排列参数的顺序，也就是改变$1,$2...$n的值，这些值在getopt中重新排列过了
eval set -- "$TEMP"
#经过getopt的处理，下面处理具体选项。
while true ; do
case "$1" in
-a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
-b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
-c|--c-long)
# c has an optional argument. As we are in quoted mode,
# an empty parameter will be generated if its optional
# argument is not found.
case "$2" in
"") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
*) echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
echo "Remaining arguments:"
for arg do
echo '--> '"\`$arg'" ;
doneshell脚本处理长参数的模板
一个shell模板，处理命令行参数，支持长短参数:
#!/bin/bash
#
# FILE: kvm-clone-v2.sh
#
# DESCRIPTION: Clone a RHEL5.4/RHEL6 kvm guest on ubuntu14.04 host superv.
# This shell is used for cloning RHEL5.4 or RHEL6.x KVM guest.
# Note this shell is only tested for host OS Ubuntu14.04 and RHEL6.4.
#
# KVM is short for Kernel-based Virtual Machine and makes use of
# hardware virtualization. You need a CPU that supports hardware
# virtualization, e.g. Intel VT or AMD-V.
#
# NOTES: This requires GNU getopt.
# I do not issue any guarantee that this will work for you!
#
# COPYRIGHT: (c) 2015-2016 by the ZhangLiang
#
# LICENSE: Apache 2.0
#
# ORGANIZATION: PepStack (pepstack.com)
#
# CREATED: 2015-05-22 12:34:00
#
#=======================================================================
_file=$(readlink -f $0)
_dir=$(dirname $_file)
. $_dir/common.sh
# Treat unset variables as an error
set -o nounset
__ScriptVersion="2015.05.22"
__ScriptName="kvm-clone-v2.sh"
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# FUNCTION: usage
# DESCRIPTION: Display usage information.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
usage() {
cat << EOT
Usage : ${__ScriptName} CFGFILE [OPTION] ...
Create a virtual machine from given options.
Options:
-h, --help Display this message
-V, --version Display script version
-v, --verbose
-o, --origver=ORIGVER Origin vm name with version: rhel5_4 | rhel6_4
-D, --disksize=DISKSIZE Origin vm disk size: compact|medium|large
-p, --path-prefix=PATH Path prefix of vm
-m, --memsize=SIZEMB Memory size of vm by MB: 8192
-c, --vcpus=VCPUS Number of virtual cpu cores: 4
-n, --vmname=VMNAME Given name of vm
-H, --domain<DOMAIN> Optional hostname suffix of vm
-i, --ipv4=IPADDR Static ipv4 addr of vm if used
-S, --supervisor=SUPERVISOR Supervisor of vm: rhel6.4 or ubuntu14.04
-G, --gateway=GATEWAY Gateway ipv4 address
-T, --iftype=IFTYPE Network type: bridge or default
-B, --broadcast=BCAST Broadcast inet addr
-M, --netmask=MASK Net mask address, default: 255.255.255.0
Exit status:
0 if OK,
!=0 if serious problems.
Example:
1) Use short options to create vm:
$ sudo $__ScriptName ../conf/kvm-origin.cfg -o rhel6_4 -D compact -p el6 -m 2048 -c 2 -n vm-test2 -H pepstack.com -i 192.168.122.61 -S ubuntu14.04 -G 192.168.122.1 -B 192.168.122.255 -M 255.255.255.0
2) Use long options to create vm:
$ sudo $__ScriptName ../conf/kvm-origin.cfg --origver=rhel6_4 --disksize=compact --path-prefix=el6 --memsize=2048 --vcpus=2 --vmname=vm-test3 --domain=pepstack.com --ipv4=192.168.122.63 --supervisor=ubuntu14.04 --gateway=192.168.122.1 --broadcast=192.168.122.255 --netmask=255.255.255.0
Report bugs to 350137278@qq.com
EOT
} # ---------- end of function usage ----------
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then usage; exit 1; fi
ABSDIR=$(real_path $(dirname $0))
CFGFILE=
VMNAME=
DOMAIN=
IPADDR=
PATHPREFIX=
GATEWAY=
BDCAST=
NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
VERBOSE=false
SIZEMB=8192
VCPUS=4
ORIGVER="rhel6_4"
DISKSIZE="compact"
VMORIG="$ORIGVER:$DISKSIZE"
SUPERVISOR="ubuntu14.04"
# parse options:
RET=`getopt -o hVvo:D:p:m:c:n:H::i:S:G:T:B:M: \
--long help,version,verbose,origver:,disksize:,path-prefix:,memsize:,\
vcpus:,vmname:,domain::,ipv4:,supervisor:,gateway:,\
iftype:,broadcast:,netmask:\
-n ' * ERROR' -- "$@"`
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echoerror "$__ScriptName exited with doing nothing." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
# Note the quotes around $RET: they are essential!
eval set -- "$RET"
# set option values
while true; do
case "$1" in
-h | --help ) usage; exit 1;;
-v | --verbose ) VERBOSE=true; shift ;;
-V | --version ) echoinfo "$(basename $0) -- version $__ScriptVersion"; exit 1;;
-o | --origver ) ORIGVER=$2
echoinfo "origin: $ORIGVER"
shift 2 ;;
-D | --disksize ) DISKSIZE=$2
echoinfo "origin size: $DISKSIZE"
shift 2 ;;
-p | --path-prefix ) PATHPREFIX=$2
echoinfo "subdir: $PATHPREFIX"
shift 2 ;;
-n | --vmname) VMNAME=$2
echoinfo "new vm name: $VMNAME"
shift 2 ;;
-H | --domain)
# domain-suffix has an optional argument. as we are in quoted mode,
# an empty parameter will be generated if its optional argument is not found.
case "$2" in
"" ) echowarn "--domain, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
* ) DOMAIN="$2" ; echoinfo "domain: $DOMAIN"; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
-i | --ipv4) IPADDR=$2
echoinfo "static ipv4: $IPADDR"
shift 2 ;;
-m | --memsize ) SIZEMB=$2
echoinfo "memory: $SIZEMB mb"
shift 2 ;;
-c | --vcpus ) VCPUS=$2
echoinfo "cpu cores: $VCPUS"
shift 2 ;;
-S | --supervisor ) SUPERVISOR=$2
echoinfo "supervisor: $SUPERVISOR"
shift 2;;
-G | --gateway ) GATEWAY=$2
echoinfo "gateway: $GATEWAY"
shift 2 ;;
-T | --iftype ) IFTYPE=$2
echoinfo "network type: $IFTYPE"
shift 2 ;;
-B | --broadcast ) BDCAST=$2
echoinfo "broad cast: $BDCAST"
shift 2 ;;
-M | --netmask) NETMASK=$2
echoinfo "netmask: $NETMASK"
shift 2 ;;
-- ) shift; break ;;
* ) echoerror "internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
# config file must provided with remaining argument
for arg do
CFGFILE=$(real_path $(dirname $arg))'/'$(basename $arg)
done
if [ -f $CFGFILE ]; then
echoinfo "Config file: $CFGFILE"
else
echoerror "Config file not found: $CFGFILE"
exit 3
fi
##################### THIS IS ONLY A TEMPLATE SHELL FILE #####################